Moscow remains the only region in Russia protected by a full-fledged multi-level anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system. This unique construction is capable of engaging ballistic targets, including threats with nuclear warheads. According to data from Defense Express, published by RBC-Ukraine, the history and architecture of this system represent a complex engineering project that has been developing for decades.

From Project 'A' to 'Nudol': A Chronology of Development

The development of the capital's ABM system began during the Soviet period with Project 'A'. Later, after years of development, the A-35 system was put into experimental operation (1974). However, work on its modernization—the A-135 complex—started as early as 1971. This stage took a significant amount of time: the complex was put into service between the late 1980s and the mid-1990s following prolonged testing and refinements.

Parallel to the operation of existing systems, work was carried out on the prospective A-235 system. Development began in 1986 and continues to this day. As part of tests since 2014, launches of the 'Nudol' missile have been recorded, indicating the continuous modernization of the arsenal.

The 'Eyes' of the System: 'Don-2N' Radar

The key element of the entire defense architecture is considered to be the 'Don-2N' radar station, located approximately 30 km north of Moscow. This is an imposing object about 35 meters high with facets over 130 meters, equipped with phased antenna arrays providing 360-degree coverage.

Construction of the station took place from the late 1970s and was completed in the 1990s. Its main task is to detect warheads of intercontinental ballistic missiles, track them, and transmit target designation to interception systems.

Interception Mechanics: Two Missiles, One Target

The A-135 system includes two types of interceptors performing different tasks:

  • 51T6 Missile: A heavy long-range missile designed to engage targets at high altitudes and distances.
  • 53T6 Missile: Used for close-range interception directly over the protected territory.

Both missiles use radio command guidance. Due to guidance accuracy limitations, the use of nuclear warheads of varying power is assumed. This method compensates for possible deviations during target interception, guaranteeing their destruction.

Current Status and Defense Scheme

Historically, Moscow's ABM system included several launch site positions around the capital. At present, some long-range complexes have already been decommissioned. However, according to estimates, short-range interceptors remain in combat readiness and are deployed at a number of positions around the city.

Experts note that the development of the complex continues, and elements of new solutions may gradually replace obsolete components, maintaining the system's key task—protecting the Moscow region from missile threats. A diagram has also been circulated in the open domain, allegedly showing the deployment of air defense systems around Moscow. The image marks various positions of the complexes, with their schematic locations highlighted in different colors for visual separation.